18.03.24

LESSON 2 CHAPTER 13

Speaking metaphorically

Listen to a discussion about the war on plastic Образно говоря Слушайте дискуссию о войне с пластиком

Declaring war on plastic! Объявление войны пластику!

Welcome back! 

In this video lesson, Afroz Shah, a lawyer and environmental activist, explains how his passion for the ocean inspired(вдохновила) him to clean up Versova beach in Mumbai, India. 🇮🇳 В этом видеоуроке Афроз Шах, юрист и активист-эколог, объясняет, как его страсть к океану вдохновила его очистить пляж Версова в Мумбаи, Индия. 🇮🇳

We'll also learn how to spot (обнаружить) when someone is speaking literally (using the real meaning of something) or metaphorically (likening something to something else).-сравнивать что-то с чем-то другим

Single-use plastic is used only once and then thrown away.

War on Plastic: Cleaning up Versova Beach, Mumbai

Each year we throw away eight metric tons of plastic into oceans. Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution. Thomas is in Mumbai with Afroz an Indian environmental activist and lawyer who declared war on plastic waste. 

The ocean has always had a special place in Afroz's heart.  

Ocean is like everything to me, it's bond which can't be broken. 

Something very deep. It goes to your roots and your bones actually it goes to your roots and bonds.

And when you see that bond snapping.

over the years afros watched the ocean getting more and more polluted.

Now you come to the plastic graveyard here in the ocean.

The plastic graveyard.

Year. there is plastic everywhere.

Now you see the normality of the problem. The whole Beach is just strewn with plastic. This Devastation Thomas. Have you seen so much plastic  at a beach? I've never seen so much gas to get a beach. 

This isn't a beach. It's horrendous... This is a rubbish, not a beach beach. 

This is the most dangerous. this is from mall. Shopping mall.

This is so prevalent in Indian shopping mall.

So people Dump it through the bag. Yeah. They throw it. I forget it. Forget it. 

This isn't worldwide, the equivalent of one garbage truck of plastic is dropped into our oceans.

Single use plastic products stay in the environment for centuries. 

It's just not convenient for the fishes and  the marine creatures. 

It's their house. It's there where they belong, they live, they survive. They crying for justice because we have messed up with their houses. No species.

Have a right to destroy somebody else's house.

Afroz decided to clean up his beloved verse over Beach.

His efforts resulted in the world's largest beach, cleanup project.

This project has inspired people all over the world to clean up their neighborhoods.

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War on Plastic: Cleaning up Versova Beach, Mumbai

Each year we throw away eight metric tons of plastic into oceans. Каждый год мы выбрасываем в океаны восемь метрических тонн пластика.

Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution. Наша планета тонет в пластиковом загрязнении.

Thomas is in Mumbai with Afroz an Indian environmental activist and lawyer who declared war on plastic waste. Томас находится в Мумбаи с афрошой, индийским экологическим активистом и юристом, который объявил войну пластиковым отходам.

The ocean has always had a special place in Afroz". 's heart.

Океан всегда занимал особое место в сердце афроши.

Ocean is like everything to me, it's bond which can't be broken. Океан для меня - это все, это связь, которая не может быть разорвана.

Something very deep. It goes to your roots and your bones actually it goes to your roots and bonds. Это что-то очень глубокое. Оно доходит до твоих корней и костей, на самом деле это доходит до твоих корней и связей.

And when you see that bond snapping. И когда ты видишь, как эта связь ломается.

Over the years Afroz watched the ocean getting more and more polluted.

Годами афрош наблюдал, как океан становился все более загрязненным.

Now you come to the plastic graveyard here in the ocean. Теперь ты приходишь на пластиковое кладбище здесь, в океане.

The plastic graveyard. Пластиковое кладбище.

Year. there is plastic everywhere. Везде пластик.

Now you see the normality of the problem. Теперь ты видишь нормальность проблемы

The whole Beach is just strewn with plastic. This Devastation Весь пляж просто усыпан пластиком. Это опустошение,

Thomas. Have you seen so much plastic at a beach? Tомас. Ты видел столько пластика на пляже?

I've never seen so much trash to get a beach. ТЯ никогда не видел столько пластика на пляже.

This isn't a beach. It's horrendous... This is a rubbish, not a beach beach. Это не пляж. Это ужасно... Это свалка, а не пляж.

This is the most dangerous. Tis is from mall. Shopping mall. Это самое опасное. Это из торгового центра. Торговый центр.

This is so prevalent in Indian shopping mall. Это так распространено в индийских торговых центрах.

So people dump it through the bag. Yeah. They throw it. I forget it. Forget it. И поэтому люди выбрасывают его через мешок. Да. Они бросают его. Я забыл это. Забудь это.

This isn't worldwide, the equivalent of one garbage truck of plastic is dropped into our oceans. Это не в мировом масштабе, эквивалент одного мусоровоза пластика попадает в наши океаны.

Single use plastic products stay in the environment for centuries. Одноразовые пластиковые изделия остаются в окружающей среде на протяжении веков.

It's just not convenient for the fishes and the marine creatures and marine birds. Это просто неудобно для рыб и морских созданий.

It's their house. It's there where they belong, they live, they survive. They crying for justice because we have messed up with their houses. No species. Это их дом. Это там, где они принадлежат, они живут, они выживают. Они кричат о справедливости, потому что мы испортили их дома. нет видов.

A Afroz decided to clean up his beloved verse over Beach.

Афрош решил очистить свой любимый пляж.

His efforts resulted exulted in the world's largest beach cleanup project. Его усилия привели к созданию самого крупного проекта по уборке пляжей в мире.

This project has inspired people all over the world to clean up their neighborhoods. Этот проект вдохновил людей по всему миру на уборку своих районов.

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Each year we throw away eight metric tons of plastic into the oceans. Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution.

Who does Afroz blame for the fact that the beach looks like a rubbish dump?Кого Афроз винит в том, что пляж выглядит как свалка?

= the local shopping centre and people not being environmentally conscious

Afroz feels that he has a strong connection to the ocean. True He describes having a "bond" (connection) with the ocean and says it's "like everything to him".Он описывает наличие "связи" (связи) с океаном и говорит, что это "как все для него"                                                                                How does Afroz describe his relationship with the ocean? Complete the sentence with four words.                                          How does Afroz describe his relationship with the ocean? Complete the sentence with four words. = It’s a bond which can’t be broken. Something very deep. It goes to your roots and your bones actually.                                                                                Ocean is like everything to me. It’s a bond which can’t be broken. Something very deep. - Afroz is talking about a physical connection that can be seen or touched.= False= The word "bond" is not being used by Afroz in a physical sense. It's used to describe an invisible(невидимой) connection.

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Using metaphors

Afroz uses metaphors to convey(передать) how passionate (увлеченный) he is about his project. The words in bold all haveбуквальный) (original, basic) meanings, but are used metaphorically(в переносном смысле). Афроз использует метафоры, чтобы показать, насколько он увлечен своим проектом. Все слова, выделенные жирным шрифтом, имеют буквальное (оригинальное, основное) значение, но используются метафорически.

"It’s a bond which can’t be broken. Something very deep. It goes to your roots and your bones actually."

Here are the literal meanings of the words. What do you think are their metaphorical meanings?

🔹a bond = literal: something which physically joins one thing to another

🔹roots = literal: the part of a plant which grows down into the earth

🔹bones = literal: the hard parts inside a living creature which make up its skeleton

Match the phrases with their "metaphorical" meanings.

"it goes to your roots"   = it's related to your family origins and identity это связано с вашим семейным происхождением и идентичностью

"it's a bond which can't be broken" = it's a strong emotional connection это сильная эмоциональная связь

"it goes to your bones" = it's something you feel deep inside you это то, что ты чувствуешь глубоко внутри себя

Narrator: Afroz decided to clean up his beloved Versova beach.   Afroz decides to "clean up" because the beach is dirty. TRUE In this case, "clean up" is being used literally (буквально), because the beach is dirty.

Cleaning up

The phrasal verb "to clean up" can be used both literally and metaphorically.

Here are examples of the verb being used with different levels of meaning.

literal	metaphorical
"Afroz decided to clean up his beloved Versova beach."	"After the number of drug crimes increased, the police resolved (решила) to clean up the town.""После того, как количество преступлений, связанных с наркотиками, увеличилось, полиция решила очистить город."
He is really cleaning it because it is dirty.	They aren't physically cleaning it. They're trying to eliminate (ликвидировать) the illegal activity.

Let's practise! 

You're doing great! Keep it up! 

Next up, we'll explore some other words which have metaphorical meanings...

Now you come to the plastic graveyard (кладбищу) we have in the ocean.

a graveyard - кладбище

Some people find graveyards creepy (жутким), but I think they are quite peaceful places.

The term "plastic graveyard" (where plastic ends up) is used metaphorically to describe the beach.

Afroz refers to the beach as a "plastic graveyard" because...

This is where plastic ends up at the end of its useful life.Это где пластик заканчивается в конце своего полезного срока службы.

A "plastic graveyard"

This is another example of Afroz using language metaphorically.

At the end of their lives people often end up in a graveyard and, in a similar way, plastic waste ends up in the ocean or on the beach. The beach is full of lots of "dead" or "used" plastic objects, so he compares it to a "graveyard".

to drown /draʊn/ тонуть, утонуть

There's always a lifeguard on duty because there's a high risk of drowning.

She couldn't manage her own spending (тратить) habits. Now she's drowning in debt  /dɛt/ (долги).  Она не могла справиться со своими затратными привычками. Теперь она тонет в долгах.

Metaphorical use = I can't go out, I'm drowning in work!

Literal use = Someone help! I think she's drowning!

Choose the meaning of the metaphor "Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution." = The planet is being overwhelmed (перегружена)by so much plastic pollution.

to cry out вскрикивать

When seagulls cry out it can often mean they're marking their territory.

The beach is crying out to be cleaned.Пляж плачет, чтобы его почистили.

"It's just not convenient for the fishes and the marine creatures and marine birds.Это просто неудобно для рыб и морских созданий. It's their house. It's there where they belong, they live, they survive. They crying for justice because we have messed up with their houses. No species.Это их дом. Это там, где они принадлежат, они живут, они выживают. Они кричат о справедливости, потому что мы испортили их дома. нет видов.

They aren't literally "crying for justice", the term is being used to show they need us to help them.

Metaphorical meanings recap 

Here's a quick recap of the metaphorical meanings we've met in the lesson so far.

On the next few screens let's put what we've learned into practice! 

a bond – a strong emotional connection связь - сильная эмоциональная связь

your roots – your family origins and identity ваши корни - ваше семейное происхождение и идентичность

your bones – deep down inside you  твои кости - глубоко внутри тебя

to drown –  to be overwhelmed or unable to cope with something утонуть в шоке или не справиться с чем-то

graveyard – a place where something ends up (not necessarily dies)

to cry out for something – to be desperately in need of something  кладбище - место, где что-то заканчивается (не обязательно умирает)

to clean up – to eliminate the illegal or negative activity  очистить - ликвидировать незаконную или негативную деятельность

I did a DNA test recently and discovered I was 45 percent Belgian after learning that I booked a trip to the country to learn more about the culture.=

She's travelling to get back to her roots. 

Complete the sentence to mean "deep inside me" = 

I've got a bad feeling about this. I can feel it – deep in my bones.

Complete the sentence so that it means "overwhelmed by". Дополнить предложение таким образом, чтобы оно означало "перегруженный".

We're completely drowning in paperwork and boxes at the moment.

Complete the sentence with two words so that it means: "The house desperately needs to be painted."

The house is crying out for a new coat of paint.

Excellent work! 

You're absolutely flying (metaphorically!) through these lessons!

In the next lesson, we'll be putting a popular superfood under the microscope . Not literally, of course... 

See you again soon!