Lesson 2 Chapter 7
Summarising as a skill (Сжатие как навык)
What form does a summary take? Какова форма резюме?
Many of the texts we read are very long and detailed, so when we tell other people about them we usually don't share(передавать) every little detail. Многие из текстов, которые мы читаем, очень длинные и подробные, поэтому, когда мы рассказываем другим людям о них, мы обычно не делимся каждой мелочью.
Instead we give them a "summary", which means we use our own words and only tell them about the most important points that the original author makes. Вместо этого мы даём им "резюме", что означает, что мы используем свои собственные слова и рассказываем им только о самых важных моментах, которые делает оригинальный автор.
A summary can be done in writing or orally and is always much shorter than the original. Резюме может быть выполнено в письменной форме или устно и всегда намного короче оригинала.
Sometimes it can be a few sentences or a couple of short paragraphs, and should not include everything which is stated in the original text. Иногда это могут быть несколько предложений или пара кратких абзацев и не должно включать в себя все, что сказано в оригинальном тексте.
If you are summarising a text for your friends, you can use informal language, but if you're summarising a text for work, school or university you may need to use more formal language. Если вы делаете резюме текста для друзей, вы можете использовать неформальный язык, но если вы делаете резюме текста для работы, школы или университета, вам может потребоваться использовать более формальный язык.
What should a summary include? Что должно включать резюме?
In a summary it's common to include a sentence which explains the main idea(s) discussed in the text and, if you are summarising an article, where it was originally published. В резюме обычно включают предложение, которое объясняет основные идеи, обсуждаемые в тексте, и, если вы делаете резюме статьи, где она была изначально опубликована.
The name of the original author may not be known, but if it is you should include it in your summary.Имя оригинального автора может быть неизвестным, но если оно известно, вы должны включить его в свое резюме.
No personal opinions ⚠️
The purpose of a summary is to report the original author's ideas, so we shouldn't state our own opinion on the subject.This is particularly true for more formal summaries that you might write for work or academic reasons.
"I was astonished to learn that scientists didn't already know how geckos moved on water."-This sentence includes the speaker's own opinion about the topic, rather(вместо того, чтобы) than simply reporting what the article said.
An example
of a formal summary
In the previous lesson,
we read an article from The Economist. Can you remember what the article said
about geckos? 🦎 🤔
Don't worry if you can't remember... We've written a summary of
it which covers all the main points. 😊
Let's take a look...
Read the summary. What do you notice about the expressions in bold?
The article, published in The Economist, discusses scientific research which has finally revealed(показали, выявили) how geckos are able to move across water.
The author points out that geckos cannot employ the same methods as other animals which are also capable of moving on the surface of water (floating or foot-slapping) due to their size but later mentions that they actually use a combination of movements.
The article goes on to describe the researchers using high-speed cameras to observe the methods used by geckos to keep afloat: a combination of slapping and stroking(поглаживание) the surface of water, while being driven forward by their swishing tails(свистящим).
According to the author, the discovery may prove(доказать, оказаться) significant(важным) for the future design of swimming robots
-----------------------------------------------
The article, published in The Economist, discusses...The article, published in The Economist, discusses scientific research which has finally revealed how geckos are able to move across water.The original article is more about the research itself than the scientists who conducted it.Оригинальная статья больше о самом исследовании, чем ученые, которые проводили его.
When writing a summary, we can use formal reporting verbs and phrases to report what an author has "written" or "said". All the reporting verbs below are neutral - this means the author of the original article didn't express strong or weak opinions or attitudes.
The article discusses...
According to the author / the article...
The author mentions / points out... + noun phrase / that
In a summary, reporting verbs are normally used in the present tense.
First, the author discusses|mentions|points out why geckos cannot move on water in the same way as other creatures, such as pond skaters.
Common mistakes with reporting verbs ⚠️
Not all the reporting verbs in this lesson can be followed by the same grammatical structures.
The verbs "discuss" and "describe" can be followed by "something", but NOT a "that" clause.
The verbs "mention" and "point out" can be followed by a "that" clause.The writer discusses the different ways in which animals keep afloat.
Giving extra information 🕵️
In a summary, you can use the following structure to give extra information about things the author said later in the original article.
"The author / article goes on" + infinitive
Using this phrase in the middle of your summary also reminds the reader that you are talking about someone else's ideas, and not your own.
The article goes on to describe / discuss...
The author goes on to mention / point out that...
The article goes on to discuss the research methods used to observe the geckos. The article goes on to point out the future significance of the findings. According to the author, the discovery may prove significant for the future design of swimming robots .The article points out that this study might prove significant and inspire innovation not only in the field of conservation, but also in engineering.
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